Effects and Information Free Essays

There are multiple different health problems that may result from the presence of infectious microorganisms in recreational waters. Epidemiological studies have shown a number of adverse health outcomes such as gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, to be associated with fecally polluted recreational water. Evidence from the World Health Organization (2003), suggests that the most frequent adverse health outcome associated with exposure to fecally contaminated recreational water is enteric illness, such as self-limiting gastroenteritis. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects and Information or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the pathogenic water-borne organisms are acquired by ingesting contaminated water because they affect the digestive tract. Pathogenic organisms in feces such as Salmonella, Giardia, Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium are known to cause gastrointestinal illnesses, skin, ear, and eye infections can also result from contact with contaminated water (Peeples, 2007). There has been a documented association of transmission of Salmonella paratyphi, the causative agent of paratyphoid fever, with recreational water use. Also, rates of typhoid in Egypt have been observed in among bathers from beaches polluted with untreated sewage (WHO, 2003). Other illnesses associated with recreational waters in the USA are listed below (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007): Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium in the same family as those that cause cholera. It normally lives in warm seawater because they require salt. Cryptosporidium is one of the most frequent causes of waterborne disease (drinking water and recreational water) among humans in the United States and can be life threatening in persons with weakened immune systems. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a bacterium in the same family as those that cause cholera. It lives in brackish saltwater and causes gastrointestinal illness in humans. V. parahaemolyticus naturally inhabits coastal waters in the United States and Canada and is present in higher concentrations during summer. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, often called Swimmer’s Ear, is frequently caused by infection with a germ. This germ is common in the environment and is microscopic so that it can’t be seen with the naked eye. Shigella bacteria may contaminate water if sewage runs into it, or if someone with shigellosis swims in or plays with it, Shigella infections can then be acquired by drinking, swimming in, or playing with the contaminated water. Noroviruses are a group of viruses that cause the â€Å"stomach flu,† or gastroenteritis (in people. Noroviruses are found in the stool or vomit of infected people and people can become infected with the virus by eating food or drinking liquids that are contaminated with norovirus. Giardia intestinalis , a microscopic parasite which causes Giardia. Giardia causes diarrheal illness, and is a common cause of waterborne disease in humans in the United States. Current recreational water-quality guidelines are based on studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s (Cabelli et al. 1975, 1979, 1982; Dufour 1984). The customary method used to measure recreational water quality require at least 24-48 hrs to culture fecal indicator bacteria colonies, such as Enterococcus spp. or Escherichia coli. The culturing along with counting the colony-forming units, makes it impossible for beach managers to assess the quality of water within a single day. A significant drawback is that microbial water quality can change rapidly (Boehm et al. 2002). Guidelines based on indicator organisms that require almost two days to develop, the great diversity of pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by contaminated water, and the difficulty in addition to the cost of directly measuring all microbial pathogens in environmental samples (Wade, Calderon, Sams, Beach, Brenner, Williams, Dunfor, 2006), are likely to result in both unnecessary beach closings and the exposure of swimmers to poor-quality water. Also, current indicator microbes are based solely on fecal contamination and may not accurately assess the risk of disease due to countless other potential pathogens that cause skin, upper respiratory tract, eye, ear, nose, and throat diseases. A study done in 2004, estimated that up to 40% of beach closures are in error (Kim and Grant 2004). Earth911. com(n. d. ) provides the public with specific information regarding the most recent water quality conditions at local beaches. Beaches911 provides information generated and uploaded directly by local government agencies to include the type of bacteria detected, or why the warning is in place. Independent analysis or historical reporting of water quality is not provided by Beaches911. The Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act (BEACH Act) required EPA to develop and publish a list of discrete coastal recreation waters adjacent to beaches or similar points of access that are used by the public that specifies whether the waters are subject to a monitoring and notification program. EPA’s BEACON, Beach Advisory and Closing Online Notification has the latest information that states have sent to the EPA. BEACON is a breakdown of monitored and unmonitored coastal beaches by county and answers the following questions: †¢ How many notification actions were reported and how long were they? †¢ What percentage of days were beaches under a notification action? †¢ How do 2007 results compare to previous years? †¢ What pollution sources affect monitored beaches? States and local governments decide whether to open or close a beach. They report that information to EPA, but because the states vary in how quickly the information is sent, the EPA doesn’t always have real-time reports. If BEACON doesn’t have up-to-date information, anyone searching for beach information would need to find their state’s information by contacting the regional EPA office. Although there is a lot of information about which beaches are tested and when, the different monitoring agencies do not give specific information regarding water test results i. e. – type of bacteria detected, warning information regarding those results, and information describing the health risks of any detected environmental hazard. References Boehm A. , Grant S. , Kim J. , Mowbray S. , McGee C. , Clark C. ,et al. (2002). Decadal and shorter period variability of surf zone water quality at Huntington Beach, California. Environ Sci Technol 36(18):3885–3892. Retrieved 12 January 2009, from http://pubs. acs. org/doi/pdf/10. 1021/es020524u? cookieSet=1 Cabelli, V. , Dufour, A. , Levin, M. , McCabe L. , Haberman, P. , (1979). Relationship of microbial indicators to health effects at marine bathing beaches. Am J Public Health 69(7):690–696. Retrieved 12 January 2009, from http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/picrender. fcgi? artid=1619103blobtype=pdf Center for Disease Control, (2007). National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases. Retrieved 10 January 2009, from http://www. cdc. gov/healthyswimming/water_illness_a_to_z. htm Earth911. com(n. d. ), Beaches911- Beach Water Quality. Retrieved 12 January 2009 , from http://www. earth911. org/waterquality/index. asp? cluster=0 Kim, J. , Grant, S. ,(2004). Public mis-notification of coastal water quality: a probabilistic evaluation of posting errors at Huntington Beach, California. Environ Sci Technol 38(9):2497–2504. Retrieved 11 January 2009, from http://pubs. acs. org/doi/pdf/10. 1021/es034382v Peeples, B. (2007). Why did my favorite beach close today?. Retrieved 10 January 2009, from http://earth911. com/blog/2007/07/19/beaches-july/ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA(n. d. ). Beach Monitoring and Notification. Retreived 12 January 2009, from http://www. epa. gov/waterscience/beaches/technical. html Wade, T. , Calderon, R. , Sams, E. , Beach, M. , Brenner, K. , Williams, A. , Dunfour, A. ,(2006). Rapidly Measured Indicators of Recreational Water Quality Are Predictive of Swimming-Associated Gastrointestinal Illness. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol 114(1): 24-25. Retrieved 12 January 2009, from http://www. ehponline. org/realfiles/members/2005/8273/8273. pdf WHO (2003). Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments. Retreived 12 January 2009, from http://whqlibdoc. who. int/publications/2003/9241545801. pdf How to cite Effects and Information, Papers

I Was With ______ When Essay Example For Students

I Was With ______ When Essay Chapter I I was with george in a small town that afternoon. We were playinghorseshoes and we were betting on them horseshoes. As George leaned overthe bench shot a glanceat me and said Watch ya plannin on doinafterwards i told him i was going to hike over to the bunk house andhave a short nap. I looked back at the playing area. I slammed down 5 buckson the wooden betting table over player 1. I heard George yell and scream. 2 seconds later the player i bet on won and i won double. Content with mywinnings i screamed over to George to tell him i was going back to the bunkhouse. George told me to wait up. We left the barn and ran over to seewhere lennie was. We both stopped straight in our tracks we saw somethingthat almost made us faint. Chapter II In front of us stood lennie, he was standing over the slouched curleyswife and was mumbling Ive done another bad thing We asked lennie whatthe heck he did. He just stood there looking at us like we were some alienfrom a diffrent planet. He just started screaming and ran off in thedistance. I told george we had better tell the gang this. We gonna get ourhides whipped when curley finds out about this. A few minutes later whencurley and the gang came over and saw this he said to george You fatSon-of-a-***** you killed my wife. Im going to beat the living daylightsoutta you. George sensing curleys fustration moved back a few feet. Georgestammered I didnt kill your wife it mustve been lennie, The crazy idiotmustve did it. he ran off when we ran to him , i dont believe you, youlying scoundrels ll pay for this'. I shook my hand at George to tell himto run. We suddenly dashed off into the distance. I heard curley yelling atus but we couldnt hear him in out fear of getting kille d. Chapter III When we thought we lost curley a few shotgun blast hit the side of atree as we dashed past it. We were both frightened as hell, but we kept onrunning for our lives. Another 2 shots rang out. As we were running wespotted a cave on the left hand side of the country road and dove in it. Chapter IV Inside the cave was a thin piece of some type of glass. It was glowinga deep red and looked like it was hollow. i put my hand in and it lookedlike it just dissapeared in the glass. I withdrew my hand in fright. Iasked george what it was, he replied with a shrug of his shoulders. We thenheard shotgun blasts again from the outside but this time it was muchcloser than the other blast. George said We better dive in that whateverit is or well get ourselves shot . With that he dived in the blank void. I jumped in after him. I saw a huge amount of swirling colours around meand then it disappeared. I looked at my surroundings. I saw huge metalboxes in the distance and desert sand all around me. the sun was in theearly east which meant it must be sometime in the morning. I felt a tap onmy shoulder. I whirled around and put my hand around the persons neck. Ack. Its me man. George i not no alien. I released my hold. He went on Whatever in that place may be . I started to talk when George interupptedme. Lets go and check them place out . He started to walk, i followedalong. A few hours laters. The metal boxes we had seen earlier were not assmall as before they had rised way over our heads and were huge. We sawpeople like ourselves all around the streets walking. Funny thing thoughthey were wearing funny clothing that seemed to stick to their skins. Wealso saw sliding pieces of glasses in the openings of the boxes. Weapproached a man standing on the street block carry a funny round obje ct. We approached him. I asked him Weres here? . He replied in a strangelanguage whichwe couldnt understand. He took out a small black box andpressed a few buttons. he spoke Je parle fran, He looked a bitagitated and pressed another button Cing mun nay may.., Clickhe pressedanother button. Finally he spoke again Yes, Sorry about that its was myvoice modulation device, what did you want. I said Where are we,Noactually what time is it . He replied Your are in VarysBrook, the timeis 4:30eta, 3046 , What is 3046? , The year 3046, hey whats with thefunky cowboy clothing . Confused with the previous reply we went on. Nottoo soon, two guards came up to us and said You are not citizens ofVarysBrook, or of this time period please come with us . Thinking finallythere was some people who could help us was wrong. They locked us in theback of a small wagon-like moving object, And suddenly the two people gaveus needle shots. I conked out right after. Chapter V I woke up in the middle of a cell room. Probably not bigger than crooksroom back at the ranch. Another one of those people came by and hit a fewbuttons and the the bars that confined me dissapeared. He lead me out ofthe cage and the bars reappeared. I asked him how did he do that. He threwa grunt at me. I remained silent for the rest of the walk. We approachedanother place with a sliding piece of metal on the wall. It opened when heapproached it. He dragged me in. He told me to sit down. I did just that. There was a big table with a rotating chair with its back facing me. Iasked who sits in that seat. The seat rotated and faced me and the person isaw sitting in it frightened me. Chapter VI The man who was sitting in the seat was lennie. I couldnt reckognizehim at first but after i saw his scar on his right arm and then ireckognized immediatly. He started to talk, Ah.. I knew youd come. Youmust be wondering how you got here.. Or maybe how i got here, I can tellyou this much. 1 minute back at the ranch during your period means 1 yearover here. Ive been here for 7 years believe or not. Im no longer thecrazy idiot who keeps on petting rabbits all day long. That dosentmatter now. You must work for me now. You will be one of my many servantsthat will serve me. Hhahaha. . Seizing the opportunity i pulled thegood-luck rock ive been keeping for over 2 years straight at lennies head. I hit right between his eyes and it dazed him. Just enough for me to jumpat the man behind me and tackle him down. I grabbed his strange lookingmachine that he had dropped and ran out of the room. I was searching highand low for Georges cage until i heard a slight buzzing noise behind me. Athin shaft of blue light hit my left leg and i screamed out loud. i droppedto the floor and another shot hit my left arm and another hit my left eye,All went blank. Chapter VII I woke up in a small room totally unlike the other rooms i were inbefore i was hit by thoe shots. As i opened my left eye, i saw somethingthat frightened me. My left eye had a red cross hair on it and indicatorson both sides of my eye. By thinking of commands i could manipulate my eyeto do close up and xray functions. A man came up to me. You were verylucky. George got you here in time or you wouldve died. I must tell you afew things. We barely managed to revive your eye. and your left arm andleg. We have implanted robotic parts in you left arm and leg andimplemented a new FastBrain computer chip controller in the left and righthemispheres of your brain. Your movement ability is 1005Ls and power isincreased to 150 tons. Ive already programmed all the needed knowledgeavailable today.. I felt funny though it was like i new every single wordon the planet and every single language. George came by and said You werebleeding like hell, so man.. i rushed you over to some huge met al buildingand this man said this was a hospital so feeling relieved i said make himbetter quick looks like he dying. The man goes i need 5 million dollarsfor the operation, I said i had no money and they said well we wont healhim. I thought quickly and said hell die. The doctor said many people getkilled every day or sent to his death by lennie. I was going to ask who waslennie. But he left. Luckily though this doctor that saved you said hedesigned a new type of Umm Robotic Equipment said the doctor fillingin for George. Yah.. That its, well anyways he said it in some type ofbeta testing and he needed a tester. He said itll be free. At that in sucha panic i wouldve said yes to anything. George continued I forgot totell you how i got out, well you see when that man took me along thishallway, so i got pissed off and strangled him to death i ran along thehallway trying to find an exit when i see you slumped on the groundbleeding like anything, so i picked you up and brought you he re.. I got upand went up to a mirror to look at myself. The Doctor commented You wontsee any metal parts in your body its all concealed. The Metal is a neworganic mixed alloy so itll grow with you. Suddenly two men crashedthrough the door and started to shoot at us. A Surgeon's Story EssayChapter X We then headed toward the front gate. The skinny man put 2 sticks ofr-bombs on the door and blasted it. We ran through the door and into thestronghold. Suddenly as we entered the stronghold, hundreds of guards cameout and started to shoot at us. Unfortunately 3 members of the group wereshot right in the head. The leader yelled a mercenary cry and startedblasting the guards. I pulled him down just fast enough to escape a shotthe flew overhead. The leader said Theyve killed my 3 buddies!!!!!! Imgoing to extract theyre skulls. I held on to him to stop him from tryingto get up. He punched me in the ribs in his attempt to struggle free, and ilet go just briefly, enough for him to get away. The guards stoppedshooting and locked him up. George was still struggling with the guardswhen he was caught and they conked him out with a rock. Lennie appearedbehind the molten pile of metal and started to laugh, He said Hahaha. Trying to kill me eh No Way youll do that to me! Ill kill you twoby noon.. He went over to george, Man. I thought you and me were friendsand now you betray me. tsk. tsk. Out like a baby . I thought he musthave seen me. That idiot was trying to taunt me to come out, and thenprobably kill me. I remained silent. It seemed like an hour but finallythey went back in and i snuck out of the base without beeing seen. Chapter XI I returned to the underground hideout to study my new strategies. As isat down and poured myself a VSOP Cognac. The leaders daughter came outand i stood up. She asked me where her dad was. I sensed my facialexpression change. I lowered my head and shook it. She cried out No!,That cant be!. Your lying. She ran up to me and started pounding on mychest. I grabbed her by the shoulders and shook her. i said The guardstook him away!, they also got my buddy!. Control Yourself!.. Ill think ofsomething!. She put her head on my shoulder and started to cryuncontrollably. I kept on reassuring her that ill do my best to save thembut she kept on crying and crying. When she finally regained her composure,She told me she was coming along, I told her it would be very dangerounsinside a fortress like that. She was determined to go in and save herfather so we stocked up with weapons and headed back to the fortress forthe final confrontation. Chapter XII We blew up the front gate and walked right into the foreyard we thenwent into the already blown up front door and blasted the second door. Wethen saw guards coming from all directions. We took most of them down. Someof them went back to raise the alarm. We better move fast you betterfollow me. i said. No, To save time im going this way to the prisoncells. You go that way and take care of lennie for good.. Sensing her ideawas more ideal i took off in the direction to lennies office. Fightingthrough 20 levels of guards wasnt an easy task but with my acquiredComputer-Aided-Reflexing its was a cinch. When i finally reached the door. I kicked it open and went in. 2 Humongous robots approached me and startedto shoot me. I jumped onto the ceiling and threw a few coins into themaintenance slot of the robots and they short circuited and failed. Withoutfurther thinking i shot Lennie. The shot hit him in the leg and hecollapsed on the floor. He yelled Dont kill me, Ill reform myself fromnow on. . That few seconds pondering over that question gave him the upperhand. He jumped at me with a survival knife in his right hand. I aimed forhis head and squeezed the trigger. The shot blasted through his forehead. For that split second, All sound seemed to be silenced. All movementstopped. Then it was over, Lennie was dead. Thinking about the land wedreamed about together brought back memories but this wasnt the lennie weused to know. I shook my head to clear the thought. A small voice indicatorfrom the telecom system said Master Non-functional. Base detonation in 1minute. I ran upstairs and saw the three of them. All three were injuredfrom gunshot wounds. George seemed to be dying. He was delirious and had acold sweat. He managed to gasp I broke 3 ribs when i was blocking anexplosion. . I i picked up george and carried him on my back. I then wentto the roof and jumped to the ground i ran 50 meters and put down georgeand i ran back to the base i ran back to the 20th floor. I picked up theboth of them and heard the voice again 2 Seconds . I just managed tojump off the building and run 15 feet away when the whole buildingexploded. Chapter XIII I managed to bring all of them back to the underground hideout. I thentook George to the hospital and paid the fee and within 2 hours he washealed good as new. George said to me Man. Lennie that Bast*** is nowdead, and the town is free again. Chapter XIV After a few days,we managed to find a Time-Rip scientist. He said hecould bring us back to where we were. He asked where do we want to go. Ireplied 1930s Era. Town of Soledad. George looks at me amazed. Thescientist presses a button and a piece of glowing red glass appears. Thesame one that took us here. The scientist says The time rip that broughtyou here was a test i was performing a few years ago. This time warp willbring you back to the same place you came from. A few hours back of course. . George taps me on the shoulder. I turn around and say What? . Georgesays Tell him to send us back a week back so we dont have to be runningaway from Curley when we get back.. I tell that to the scientist and heupdates the data. He asks me ready? I nod, then i walk towards Varhch andsay bye and walk towards his daughter. I asked her I dont think i knowyour name . She tells me Karen Vc . I kiss her on the cheek and then iwalk towards the time-rip portal. Before we manage to jump in the fathercomes toward us and says How about us coming with you back to the 1930s. I look at George and he looks back at me. I say Okay, Thats fine you can see our simple lives back in the 30s . We wave at the scientistfor the last time and leap into the portal. A few seconds later we reappearback inside the cave. Chapter XV We approach the town and everything was like it was when we left. Weapproach the ranch. And the boss comes out. You 4 the new workers here?Okay.. We were expecting you a bit earlier. But your here and thats okay. I winked at George.

Industry Situation Analysis

20 Rules About Subject-Verb Agreement

20 Rules About Subject-Verb Agreement 20 Rules About Subject-Verb Agreement 20 Rules About Subject-Verb Agreement By Mark Nichol Is, or are? Go, or goes? Whether a verb is singular or plural depends on any one of a complicated set of factors. Here is a roster of rules for subject-verb agreement (or â€Å"Here are some rules . . .†): 1. Use verbs that agree with a subject, not with a noun that is part of a modifying phrase or clause between verb and subject: â€Å"The pot of eggs is boiling on the stove.† 2. Use singular or plural verbs that agree with the subject, not with the complement of the subject: â€Å"My favorite type of movie is comedies,† but â€Å"Comedies are my favorite type of movie.† 3. Use singular verbs with singular indefinite pronouns each, the â€Å"-bodies,† â€Å"-ones,† and â€Å"-things† (anybody, everyone, nothing), and the like: â€Å"Neither is correct.† (And, just as in rule number 1, the presence of a modifier is irrelevant: â€Å"Neither of them is correct.†) 4. Use plural verbs with plural indefinite pronouns: â€Å"Many outcomes are possible.† 5. Use singular verbs with uncountable nouns that follow an indefinite pronoun: â€Å"All the paint is dried up.† 6. Use plural verbs with countable nouns that follow an indefinite pronoun: â€Å"All the nails are spilled on the floor.† 7. Use plural verbs with compound subjects that include and: â€Å"The dog and the cat are outside.† 8. Use plural verbs or singular verbs, depending on the form of the noun nearest the verb, with compound subjects that include nor or or: â€Å"Either the dog or the cats are responsible for the mess.† (â€Å"Either the cats or the dog is responsible for the mess† is also technically correct but is awkward.) 9. Use singular verbs with inverted subjects that include singular nouns: â€Å"Why is my hat outside in the rain?† 10. Use plural verbs with inverted subjects (those beginning with the expletive there rather than the actual subject) that include plural nouns: â€Å"There are several hats outside in the rain.† 11. Use singular or plural verbs with collective nouns depending on meaning: â€Å"His staff is assembled,† but â€Å"Staff are asked to go to the conference room immediately.† (In the first sentence, the emphasis is on the body of employees; in the second sentence, the focus is on compliance by each individual in the body of employees.) 12. Use singular verbs for designations of entities, such as nations or organizations, or compositions, such as books or films: â€Å"The United Nations is headquartered in New York.† 13. Use singular verbs for subjects plural in form but singular in meaning: â€Å"Physics is my favorite subject.† 14. Use singular or plural verbs for subjects plural in form but plural or singular in meaning depending on the context: â€Å"The economics of the situation are complicated,† but â€Å"Economics is a complicated topic.† 15. Use plural verbs for subjects plural in form and meaning: â€Å"The tweezers are in the cupboard.† 16. Use plural verbs in constructions of the form â€Å"one of those (blank) who . . .†: â€Å"I am one of those eccentrics who do not tweet.† 17. Use singular verbs in constructions of the form â€Å"the only one of those (blank) who . . .†: â€Å"I am the only one of my friends who does not tweet.† 18. Use singular verbs in constructions of the form â€Å"the number of (blank) . . .†: â€Å"The number of people here boggles the mind.† 19. Use plural verbs in constructions of the form â€Å"a number of (blank) . . .†: â€Å"A number of people here disagree.† 20. Use singular verbs in construction of the forms â€Å"every (blank) . . .† and â€Å"many a (blank) . . .†: â€Å"Every good boy does fine†; â€Å"Many a true word is spoken in jest.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Social vs. Societal35 Synonyms for Rain and Snow

The Theories of Culture - PETA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Theories of Culture - PETA - Essay Example From the moment we were born, until the time of our death, culture is the invisible cloak that gives meaning to our world and gives us a constant self-identity. We are the microcosm of the culture that shaped and is shaping our lives. Although we exhibit our own culture every day through our actions and thinking, it is hard to talk about or explain it because it already seems second-nature to us. For example, Americans celebrate Independence Day to commemorate the end of war and oppression, celebrate Thanksgiving with roasted turkey, and celebrate Halloween with kids going door to door for the â€Å"trick or treat† – all these are part of the American tradition. Americans are also pro-democracy and will go to a great extent to fight against tyranny. These traditions and beliefs all seem very natural to an average American that most go about them without question or resistance. They are just the way they are, and they represent the status quo. Our culture defines and dominates us as result of a lifetime of socialization through many cultural institutions (Pearce, 1999). Socialization is important for a culture to survive, so it can pass itself from one generation to the next generation. A culture needs to perpetuate itself and preserve the society and its identity, and it does this by conditioning its members that the culture is natural, normal, good and in their best interests (Pearce, 1999). Children are socialized by their parents or caretakers to behave in a way that is pleasing and socially acceptable. At an early age, they are subjected to authority, to control, to conformity, according to society’s beliefs and practices. In the same principle, teenagers follow the same socialization process but modeling from friends and peer groups rather than from parents. Women too have been socialized to act, think and feel as second-class citizens by the generally paternalistic society, although the advent of feminism is slowly changing this.

How did the government use its power to create and define the idea of Essay

How did the government use its power to create and define the idea of Canadian - Essay Example On the other hand, the government also applied the concept of suppressing radical ideas majorly through banning and prohibiting public meeting as well as rallies that are held by key activists. In the early 1900s, the government of Canada, specifically the Vancouver Trade and Labor Council, Socialist Party of Canada and other political elites, engaged in a competition to gain the complete trust of workers. That is, those that frequently engaged in public rallies to fight for freedom of speech. Their solidarity was seen as a threat to the prosperity of the elite political class and the federal government. 2 The government of Canada also applied a strategy that basically focused on forming collaboration with business owners to oppose strikes. In the year 1919, during the Winnipeg strike, the three levels of Canadian government opposed a strike, which has been defined as one of the most influential historical strikes in Canada by reducing the supply of basic necessities such as: Food, water and communication as well as replacing the striking Canadian workers with immigrants, who were then referred as aliens.3 Moreover, the government of Canada has also been on the forefront of opposing any act of racism and ideologies directed towards discrimination. Philip Jensen is one person that has been on the frontline; making attempts to ensure that government of Canada legalize racial discrimination in the sense that business owners and other service providers deny services to people based on their races and even ethnic backgrounds.4 Some of the strategies discussed above are still applied by the government of Canada. Most governments currently oppose discrimination and have even implemented laws that hinder discrimination in relation to race, religion et cetera, and an idea that is also greatly applied by the Canadian government. In addition, the government in some cases can also oppose strikes, especially those that are

Stress: Causes, Effects and Reflection Paper

Stress: Causes, Effects and Reflection Paper LAI Mincong Stress is a common problem that affects us in our daily lives. When we encounter a number of changes, difficulties or challenges in life, for example, change jobs, exams, marital problems, and we will feel pressure. What is Stress? Stress is a state of tension of both physical and psychological phenomenon when we feel there is not enough capacity to meet the requirements of life or facing challenges and threats. According to Taylor (2012), Stress is a negative emotional experience characterized by predictable biochemical, cognitive, physiological and behavioural changes aimed at either changing the stressor or adapting to its effects. Stress is also combined by two components: Stressor and Stress reactivity. (Greenberg, 1999) Conceptualizing Stress Chronic stress refers to experiencing a long-term stressor, while acute stress experiences a short-term one (Pearson, 2014). Personality Factors Stress Type A personality pattern reacts to stress in emotional ways, while Type B personality pattern reacts it in rational ways (Pearson, 2014). Major Sources of Stress The infinity hope and requirements of human in the limited real life cause both conflict and frustration, for example, when we face some daily hassles and major life events such as death, we may feel stressful. Those are the stressor. Greenberg (1999) said, a stressor is a stimulus with the potential of triggering the fight-or-flight response. The stressor will produce feeling of pressure, it depends on the degree of personal attention to the stressor, the capacity of relevant things and situation management, and expectations of their own. Physiological Stress Reaction Most of the stressors arouse anxiety, which means the disagreeable feeling of nervousness or worry, We usually cope with the stress by using defence mechanisms, which can protect us from the awareness of anxiety, and help us to maintain a sense of self-worth in those situations. (Pearson, 2014) For example, we will justify our unacceptable behaviour with reasons, which is called Rationalization. Selye (1991) found there is a characteristic pattern of nonspecific physiological mechanisms that are activated in response to almost any stressor, he called this pattern the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). It is made up by three progressive stages (Pearson, 2014): Alarm reaction: When we first time exposed to the stressor, it will produce the biochemical changes and defence mechanisms to maintain our body normal functioning and trigger the fight-or-flight response. Resistance stage: The reactions of the alarm stage disappeared; our body resistance to the stressor will increase to cope with the continued stress. The cost of this resistance is our body’s defence system would be weakened. If the stressor hasn’t been successfully dealt, then we will enter the third phase reaction. Exhaustion stage: When the body is constantly exposed to the same long-term stressor and still unable to adapt it after adjustment, the body can no longer to adapt to chronic stress, and the physical symptoms of the alarm reaction reappear. Managing Stress There are two methods of managing stress, they are modify our environment and alter our lifestyle (Pearson, 2014). Application Two years ago, when I was going to take my first Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination (HKDSE), I have to finish studying my form.6 lessons, the Independent Enquiry Study project (IES), and lots of tests finish many past papers from different subjects after school. But I also need to review the lessons that I have learnt before. I was very stressful and that time. Not just because of the heavy workload, but also the Importance of the HKDSE, it would affect the result that I can enter the university or not. Another reason is the high personal and family expectation to my HKDSE result. When I realised that I have lots of assignments and important exams were coming, I was facing a chronic stress, which means the coming assignments and exams are long-term and on-going stressor. It triggered my fight-or-flight response, on the very beginning, I was choose to flee from those heavy workload, I was keep telling myself that I still have plenty of time to finish my assignments and do the revision, try to rationalize my unacceptable behaviour. Afterward, I realised that the time is running short and I have to confront with these stressor, I felt very stressful and I started to sweat, my heart beat and my breath have been faster than before. Those are the biochemical changes results in my body when I was in the alarm stage, it helps my body to ready for dealing with heavy workload and keep its normal functioning at the same time. Moreover, when I start working on my assignments, my sweat, rapid heartbeat and breath disappeared, The physical reactions of the alarm stage disappear. I felt that I have enough energy to focus and finish my IES. Those are the signs of my body defence rise to cope with the continued stress which means the IES project during the resistance stage, also to return my body normal functioning. However, it takes a few days for me to finish it, and I barely worked overnight in those days. My body resistance to infections decreased, so I felt stomach pain and headache afterward. Finally, my body defence has broken down, I was suffering from insomnia, and I got sick and fever afterward. Though I have finished my IES, but there are still lots of assignment, test and revision coming. Facing this extremely tight schedule, I was getting more stress. I was worrying whether I can finish them all or not, and my HKDSE result everyday. And it just makes me felt frustrated and stressful. So the physical reactions of the alarm stage reappeared. The stress makes me feel anxious and decrease my working performance on my school and the exam. So my HKDSE result is very poor, and I have decided to repeat the form.6. After the above experience, I usually react to the stress in worry, anxious and time-urgent ways, so I have found that I have the characteristics of Type A personality pattern. Improvement There are two categories of methods of managing stress (Pearson, 2014): Frist, It is modify the environment. We can use different ways to modify what happens around us, such as assertiveness, withdrawal and compromise. Second, we can alter our lifestyle. We can modify something about ourselves and our behaviours. In fact, we may have more control over ourselves than over the environment. Action Plan After the above experience, I decided to improve myself by altering my lifestyle (Pearson, 2014). First, I have to set a timetable for my daily life, try to rearrange my working time and rest time, so I can allocate my time appropriately and prevent the stress when the workload is high. Second, I have to do more exercise, such as swimming and running. Our body will release endorphins during exercise, which can help me feel good and burns away the stress. Also I can reduce my stress by doing relaxation, such as listen some soothing music or engage in deep breathing. Finally, I can seek out for social support by sharing my painful feelings to my friends and support group, they can provide emotional support through their expressions of concern and affection, and also the information and advice that can help me to get more effective solution. Those actions can help me to manage stress. Conclusion To conclude, Stress is everywhere. It may cause positive or negative impact to our mental and physical health. It can sometimes help to motivate us or make us feel anxious and decrease our working performance. But there are also different ways to manage can cope with stress. References Clarke, Deborah. (1994). Stress management : trainers notes. Cambridge: National Extension College. Division of Social Sciences. (2013). DSS10103: Practical psychology for   everyday life course materials. Kowloon Tong, HK: CCCU. Pearson. (2014). Practical psychology for everyday life. Quarry Bay, HK:  Pearson Education Asia Limited. Greenberg, Jerrold S. (1999). Comprehensive stress management (6th ed.). Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill. Taylor, S. E. (2012). Health psychology (8th ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill International Edition.